Signs&symptoms-1

Asboe-Hansen sign (also known as "indirect Nikolsky sign" or "Nikolsky II sign") refers to the extension of a blister to adjacent unblistered skin when pressure is put on the top of the bulla.

Acroosteolysis is resorption of the distal bony phalanges. Acroosteolysis has two patterns of resorption in adults: diffuse and band like.A diffuse pattern of resorption has a wide differential diagnosis and can include the following: pyknodysostosis, collagen vascular disease and vasculitis, Raynaud's neuropathy, trauma, epidermolysis bullosa, psoriasis, frostbite, sarcoidosis, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. A band like pattern of resorption may be seen with polyvinyl chloride exposure and Hadju-Cheney syndrome. A mnemonic commonly used for acro-osteolysis is PINCHFO - Pyknodysostosis, Psoriasis, Injury (thermal burn, frostbite), Neuropathy (diabetes), Collagen vascular disease (scleroderma, Raynaud's), Hyperparathyroidism, Familial (Hadju-Cheney, progeria), Occupational (polyvinyl exposure).

Apple jelly nodules in nasal septum: It is the nodular form of the tuberculosis in nasal mucosa. It begins in the vestibule and extends to adjoining skin and mucosa. It is the result of direct inoculation. It presents as glistening reddish brown or skin colored nodules also known as ‘apple jelly nodules’. An attempt to blench them with a glass slide [Diascopy] makes them more prominent, as they tend to stand out amidst blenched surrounding.  These nodules may coalesce to form characteristic ulcer with a pale granular base and undermined margins. Untreated patients tend to progress to scarring and resultant disfigurement of the external nose.

Arnold head: In Cleidocranial dysplasia, the fontanelles may remain open until adulthood, but the sutures often close with interposition of wormian bones. Bosses of the frontal, parietal, and occipital regions give the skull a large globular shape with small face. The characteristic skull abnormalities are sometimes referred to as the "Arnold head" named after the descendants of a Chinese who settled in South Africa and changed his name to Arnold.

Ash-leaf spots: Hypomelanic macules in Tuberous sclerosis. They are white or lighter patches of skin that may appear anywhere on the body and are caused by a lack of melanin. These are usually the only visible sign of diseases at birth. In fair-skinned individuals a Wood's lamp (ultraviolet light) may be required to see them.

Auspitz's sign is the appearance of punctate bleeding spots when psoriasis scales are scraped off, named after Heinrich Auspitz.This happens because there is thinning of the epidermal layer overlying the tips of the dermal papillae and blood vessels within the papillae are dilated and tortuous, which bleed readily when the scale is removed.

Borsari's sign or Borsari's line : Dermatological sign that consists of pressure by a sharp object (such as a fingernail) producing a white line on the skin that quickly turns red. It is present in scarlet fever.

Braverman's sign is a dermatological sign that consists of fine telangiectasias around the nail (periungually). They may be associated with connective tissue diseases.

Buffalo hump: Cushing’s syndrome, the fat relocalization in nape of the neck resembling the buffalo’s hump

Bull neck: Diphtheria, The bacterial exotoxin may also cause severe swelling in the neck, that resembles the bull’s hump

Button-hole sign: Neurofibromatosis. invagination of a nodule when pressed with a finger, a characteristic of neurofibromatosis

Carpet tack lesions: Discoid lupus erythematosus. There are follicular hyperkeratotic plugs causing a carpet tack appearance as they project from the undersurface of the scale when it is removed from advanced lesions. The dyspigmentation of older lesions often presents as central hypopigmentation and peripheral hyperpigmentation.

Cerebriform tongue: Pemphigus vegetans. Also known as Furrowed /Grooved/ Lingua Fissurata/Lingua Plicata/Lingua Scrotalis/Plicated Tongue/Scrotal Tongue

Charcot’s triad: Seen in multiple sclerosis, characterized by intention tremor, nystagmus, dysarthria

Chipmunk facies: Thalassemia. The bones of the head and face become enlarged and deformed causing an abnormal appearance resulting in a typical “chipmunk facies” appearance. This occurs because the bone marrow, the site of red blood cell production, becomes hyperactive [enlarged] in an attempt to produce sufficient red cells to overcome the effects of the profound anaemia.

Chovstek’s sign: The Chvostek sign is one of the signs of tetany seen in hypocalcemia. It refers to an abnormal reaction to the stimulation of the facial nerve. When the facial nerve is tapped at the angle of the jaw (i.e. masseter muscle), the facial muscles on the same side of the face will contract momentarily (typically a twitch of the nose or lips) because of hypocalcemia (i.e. from hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D) with resultant hyperexcitability of nerves. Though classically described in hypocalcemia, this sign may also be encountered in respiratory alkalosis, such as that seen in hyperventilation, which actually causes decreased serum Ca²⁺ with a normal calcium level due to a shift of Ca²⁺ from the blood to albumin which has become more negative in the alkalotic state.

Compy's sign:  Measles. White patches due to degenerated squamous epithelium occurring on buccal mucosa and gingival.

Cobble stone appearance: Lymphangioma, Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, Heck’s disease

Crowe’s sign: Neurofibromatosis. Presence of axillary (armpit) freckling in people with neurofibromatosis type I

Dennie–Morgan fold:  also known as a Dennie–Morgan line or an infraorbital fold, is a fold or line in the skin below the lower eyelid caused by edema in atopic dermatitis. The presence of Dennie–Morgan folds is used as a diagnostic marker for allergy

Forschemmier sign: Rubella. Forchheimer spots are a fleeting enanthem seen as small, red spots (petechiae) on the soft palate in 20% of patients with rubella. They precede or accompany the skin rash of rubella. They are not diagnostic of rubella, as similar spots can be seen in measles and scarlet fever. The sign is named after Frederick Forchheimer

Fournier’s molars: congenital syphilis, when screw driver shaped.

Gorlin sign: Ehler -Danlos Syndrome. Ability to touch the tip of the nose with tongue and touch the elbow with the tongue

Grattage sign: Psoriasis. Gentle scraping of the surface of a psoriasis plaque with a glass slide will remove the loosely attached scales and reveal a shiny surface peppered with fine bleeding points. These bleeding points represent the dilated and tortuous capillary blood vessels in the papillary dermis, one of the characteristic pathological events taking place in psoriasis affected skin. This sign is known as Auspitz sign, which is a diagnostic sign of psoriasis.

Hamman’s crunch: Cervicofacial emphysema. Hamman's sign (AKA Hammond's sign or Hammond's crunch) is a crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, heard over the precordium in spontaneous mediastinal emphysema produced by the heart beating against air-filled tissues.It is named after Johns Hopkins clinician Louis Hamman. This sound is heard best over the left lateral position. It has been described as a series of precordial crackles that correlate with the heart beat and not the respirations. Also heard together with spontaneous pneumothorax; small and not a total lung collapse, on the left side. Sounds like bubbles hitting the inside of the chest. Can be felt/seen. Hamman's crunch is caused by pneumomediastinum or pneumopericardium, and is associated with tracheobronchial injury due to trauma, medical procedures (e.g., bronchoscopy) or proximal pulmonary bleb rupture. It is commonly seen in Boerhaave syndrome.

Hebra nose: Rhinoscleroma. Epistaxis, nasal deformity, and destruction of the nasal cartilage are also noted along with the damage may result in anesthesia of the soft palate, enlargement of the uvula, dysphonia, and various degrees of airway obstruction.

Higomenakis's sign: Congenital syphilis. A unilateral enlargement of the sternoclavicular portion of the clavicle, seen in congenital syphilis. It is an end result of neonatal periostitis.

Hutchinson's sign: Herpes zoster. A skin lesion on the tip of the nose precedes the development of ophthalmic herpes zoster

Hutchinson's triad: Congenital syphilis with Hypoplasia of incisor (Pegged laterals, screw driver shaped central incisor and mulberry molars), Eighth nerve deafness and Interstitial keratitis.

Iris pearl’s: Leprosy. Miliary lepromas or iris pearls near the pupillary margins, which are spherical yellowish opaque micronodules upto 2 mm in size.

Koebner phenomenon: Desquamative gingivitis, Lichen planus, pemphigus, Epidermolysis bullosa dystropica. Also called the "Koebner response" or the "isomorphic response", refers to skin lesions appearing on lines of trauma. The Koebner phenomenon may result from either a linear exposure or irritation. Conditions demonstrating linear lesions after a linear exposure to a causative agent include: molluscum contagiosum, warts and toxicodendron dermatitis (a dermatitis caused by a genus of plants including poison ivy). Warts and molluscum contagiosum lesions can be spread in linear patterns by self-scratching ("auto-inoculation"). Toxicodendron dermatitis lesions are often linear from brushing up against the plant. Causes of the Koebner phenomenon that are secondary to scratching rather than an infective or chemical cause include vitiligo, psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen nitidus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and keratosis follicularis (Darier disease). Also seen in Psoriasis, Pityriasis rubra pilaris, Lichen planus, Lichen nitidus, Vitiligo, Lichen sclerosus, Elastosis perforans serpiginosa, Kaposi sarcoma, Necrobiosis lipoidica and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Warts and molluscum contagiosum are often listed as causing a Koebner reaction, but this is by direct inoculation of viral particles.

Koplik's spots: Measles. Koplik spots are a prodromic viral enanthem of measles manifesting two days before the measles rash itself. They are characterized as clustered, white lesions on the buccal mucosa near each Stensen's duct (on the buccal mucosa opposite the maxillary 2nd molars) and are pathognomonic for measles

Lisch nodules:  Neurofibromatosis. A Lisch nodule is a pigmented hamartomatous nodular aggregate of dendritic melanocytes affecting the iris, named after Austrian ophthalmologist Karl Lisch.

Livedo reticularis: Systemic lupus erythematosus. Livedo reticularis is a common skin finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears like a lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin.The discoloration is caused by swelling of the venules owing to obstruction of capillaries by thrombi. It can be caused by any condition that makes venules swell. The condition may be normal or may be related to more severe underlying pathology. It has a broad differential diagnosis, broadly divided into possible blood diseases, autoimmune (rheumatologic) diseases, heart (cardiovascular) diseases, cancers, and endocrine disorders. It can usually (in 80% of cases) be diagnosed by biopsy.

Millian sign: Erysipelas. Involvement of the ear (Milian's ear sign) is a distinguishing feature for erysipelas since this region does not contain deeper dermis tissue.  

Nikolsky’s sign: Epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus, Severe Steven –Johnson syndrome, Prophyria, Toxi Epidermolysis Necrosis, Staphylococci Scalded skin syndrome. The sign is present when slight rubbing of the skin results in exfoliation of the outermost layer, forming a blister within minutes.

Oil drop sign: Psoriasis. A translucent discolouration in the nail bed that resembles a drop of oil beneath the nail plate

Ollendorf sign: Secondary syphilis. AKA Buschke-Ollendorff sign - This is a sign to be elicited in case of secondary syphilis and cutaneous vasculitis, where there is deep dermal tenderness on pressing the lesion (e.g., papular lesions of syphilis) with a pinhead.

Pastia’s lines: Scarlet fever. Pastia's sign, Pastia lines or Thompson's sign is a clinical sign in which pink or red lines formed of confluent petechiae are found in skin creases, particularly the crease in the antecubital fossa, the soft inside depression on the inside of the arm; the folding crease divides this fossa where the forearm meets the (upper) arm (the biceps, triceps, humerus section of the upper extremity); the inside of the elbow (the inside flexor depression (fossa) of the elbow. It occurs in patients with scarlet fever prior to the appearance of the rash and persists as pigmented lines after desquamation.