Definitions-1

No	What is….?	Answer…
1	Abfraction	A regressive alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent dentition leading to loss of tooth surface at the cervical areas of teeth caused by tensile and compressive forces during tooth flexure. Alternatively, Cervical erosive lesions that cannot be attributed to any particular etiology
2	Abrasion	A regressive alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent dentition leading to abnormal loss of tooth structure due to non-masticatory physical friction.
3	Abscess	A localized accumulation of pus caused by an infection. Example periapical abscess.
4	Acantholysis	A histopathological feature, characterized by loss of the intercellular bridges of the prickle cell layer (spinous) of the epithelium usually caused by accumulation of fluid or edema in between the keratinocytes.
5	Acanthosis	A histopathological feature, characterized by excessive thickening of the intermediate cell layer or the stratum spinosum resulting in broadening and elongation of the rete pegs. It is considered as one of hall mark of epithelial dysplasia.
6	Acanthosis nigricans	A rare acquired dermatological disease with an abnormal Keratinization process leading to development of velvety brownish alteration of skin. Sometimes this disease may be a marker of malignancy.
7	Accessory cusps	A developmental anomaly of shape characterized extra cusp like the cusp of Caraebilli in maxillary first molar.
8	Acidogenic theory	It states that dental caries is a chemico-parasitic process consisting of two stages- the decalcification of enamel as a preliminary stage followed by dissolution of the softened residue. The acid required for decalcification is synthesized by the fermentation of starch and food residue by the bacteria’s. This theory was proposed by Miller.
9	Acinic cell adenocarcinoma	A malignant salivary gland malignancy that salivary gland cells showing serous acinar differentiation, most commonly found in the parotid gland.
10	Acquired disturbances	Disturbances in the structure or morphology of any organ form birth or during growth and can occur as a result of environmental or hereditary factors.
11	Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome	A syndrome caused by the infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus causing the suppression of the immune system and predisposing the individual to infections.
12	Acral lentiginous melanoma	A melanoma that is a brown in color irregularly shaped macular lesion that undergoes progression to nodular melanoma.
13	Acrodynia	A chronic mercury exposure in infants and children where it produces a cold clammy skin, erythematous rashes, excessive salivation, and gingivitis may be the features of the condition.
14	Acromegaly	A hormonal disorder that results when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone.
15	Actinic chelitis	A chronic inflammatory lesion caused by chronic exposure to actinic or sunlight manifesting in skin of the middle and lower third of face and commonly in lower lips.
16	Actinic keratosis	Is a common cutaneous premalignant lesion caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation exposure with microscopic changes in epithelium and connective tissues.
17	Actinic lentigo	Is a benign, multiple, freckle like lesion resulting from chronic exposure to ultraviolet damage to skin.
18	Actinomycosis	Is an infection of filamentous, branching, gram positive anaerobic bacteria belonging to actinomycetes family. The supparative reaction is with yellowish sulphur like flecks that are the colonies of the organisms.
19	Acute	Of shorter duration. Usually have severe symptoms.
20	Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)	An infection of the gingiva caused by fusobacterium and Borecellia vincentii affecting inter- dental papillae as a punched out lesion covered by a pseudomembrane.
21	Acute osteomyelitis	A rapidly destructive inflammatory process of bone and soft tissues associated with bone that usually consists of granulation tissue, purulent exudates, and islands of non-vital bone (sequestra).
22	Acute pulpitis	An inflammation of the pulp caused by injury to the pulp, usually from dental caries or trauma. The thermal change (hot or cold) initiates the pain that is relived on removal of the noxious stimuli. It is usually either reversible or irreversible.
23	Addison´s disease	A rare hormonal disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol and less commonly aldosterone.
24	Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma	A rare low grade histopathological variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma or in sun-exposed skin of the face and lower lip. The malignant cells are arranged in a gland like pattern.
25	Adenoma	In Clinical terms refers to a glandular malignancy either benign or malignant.
26	Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor	An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, well-circumscribed lesion that usually occurs around the crowns of unerupted anterior teeth of young patients and consists of epithelium in swirls and ductal patterns interspersed with spherical enamel like calcifications.
27	Adenosquamous carcinoma	A rare, aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa consisting of a mixture of malignant squamous and glandular cells.
28	Adult monostotic fibrous dysplasia	A rare form of fibrous dysplasia occurring spontaneously in adulthood involving a single bone.
29	Adventious dentin	The pathologically formed secondary dentin as a result of abnormal irritation.
30	Aerodontolgia	A condition similar to pulpitis experienced in deep fillings in high altitudes is referred as aerodontalgia.
31	Agenesis	Complete absence of an organ and its associated structures.
32	Agranulocytosis	A marked decrease in the number of granulocytes (circulating or immature), particularly neutrophils.
33	Allergen	A substance capable of inducing hypersensitivity or an allergic reaction.
34	Allergy	A hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen. Re-exposure to the same allergen elicits an exaggerated reaction.
35	Alveolar cyst of new born	They are small, superficial keratin filled cyst found in the alveolar mucosa of infants that arise from the remnants of the dental lamina.
36	Alveolar osteitis	The destruction of initial clot usually after a traumatic extraction prevents the normal healing process causing the clinical condition of alveolar ostetits. Also known as dry socket.
37	Amalgam tattoo	Oral soft tissue discolorations due to amalgam; most common exogenous pigmentation of the oral cavity.
38	Ameloblastic carcinoma	An aggressive neoplasm of the jaws in which the epithelial cells exhibit histologic features of common ameloblastoma and malignancy.
39	Ameloblastic fibroma	An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, that is well circumscribed often located over unerupted molars in young patients; the connective tissue recapitulate primitive ectomesenchyme often found during various stages of odontogenesis.
40	Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma	An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, that has general features of ameloblastic fibroma but contains enamel and dentin. Alternatively it is an expansile odontogenic tumor in young patients that contains the soft tissue components of ameloblastic fibroma and the hard tissue components of complex odontoma.
41	Ameloblastic odontoma or odontoameloblastoma	A rare odontogenic tumor that contains an ameloblastomatous component together with odontoma-like elements.
42	Ameloblastoma	A unicentric neoplasm of odontogenic epithelium that is clinically benign, anatomically persistent, locally invasive and that has a wide spectrum of histologic patterns.
43	Amelogenesis	The process of formation of the enamel portion of the tooth.
44	Amelogenesis imperfecta	A spectrum of hereditary defects in the formation of ameloblasts and the mineralization of enamel matrix that results in teeth with multiple generalized abnormalities affecting the enamel layer only.
45	Amino acid	An organic compound containing the amino group NH2. Amino acids are the main component of proteins.
46	Amyloidosis	Represents a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by the deposition of an extra cellular proteincious material called amyloid.
47	Anachoretic pulpitis	Refers to the inflammation of pulp caused by agents reaching pulp through circulation.
48	Anaphylaxis	A type of hypersensitivity or allergic reaction in which the exaggerated immunologic reaction results from the release of vasoactive substances such as histamine. The reaction occurs on re-exposure to a foreign protein or other substance after sensitization.
49	Anaplasia	Lack of differentiation of cells
50	Anaplastic	Refers to an adult cell that has changed irreversibly toward more primitive cell types and is often malignant.
51	Anemia	A quantitative and or qualitative reduction of hemoglobin in blood. (Or) Reduction to less than normal of the number of red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin or to the volume of packed red blood cells in the blood. (Or) Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
52	Anesthesia dolorosa	An uncommon side-effect of surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia resulting in a combination of anesthesia and spontaneous pain of the facial skin.
53	Aneurysmal bone cyst	An uncommon lesion (Pseudocyst) located primarily in the posterior mandible and maxilla with clinical features similar to central giant cell lesion often containing many large blood-filled spaces separated by connective tissue septa containing giant cell tissue and lined by epithelium.
54	Angiolipoma	A benign tumor that consists of an admixture of mature fat and numerous small blood vessels.
55	Angioma	A benign tumor made up of blood or lymph vessels.
56	Angiomatosis	The process of subcutaneous vascular proliferation is referred to as angiomatosis.
57	Angioneurotic odema	A diffuse edematous swelling of subcutaneous or submucosal soft tissues and is related to changes in vascular permeability due to mast cell granulation or C1 esterase deficiency.
58	Angiosarcoma	Malignant, rare, rapidly growing lesion of endothelial cells that is more common in young patients and has a poor prognosis.
59	Angular chelitis	It is an infectious diseases occurring along the corners of mouth caused by Candida, staphylococci or streptococci or a mixed infection. The lesion ulcerates and readily bleeds.
60	Anitschkow cell	The cytologic smear of a recurrent apthous ulcer show a characteristic change in nucleus of epithelium with elongated nuclei containing a linear bar of chromatin. Such a cell is termed as Anitschkow cell.
61	Ankyloglssia	A developmental anomaly of tongue characterized by an abnormal extensive adhesion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth or the lingual aspect of the anterior portion of the mandible caused by a short lingual frenum.
62	Ankylosed teeth	Teeth that are fused to the alveolar bone by means of cementum; a condition especially common with retained deciduous teeth.
63	Anodontia	Congenital condition in which all the teeth fail to develop.
64	Anomaly	Any deviation from normal. May involve in composition, number, size, shape or structure.
65	Antibody	A protein produced in the body in response to stimulation by an antigen. Antibodies react specifically to antigens in an attempt to neutralize these foreign substances.
66	Antigen	A substance, usually a protein, which is recognized as foreign by the body's immune system and stimulates formation of a specific antibody to the antigen.
67	Antoni A tissue	In neurilemoma, some of the neural tissue is regularly arranged in streaming fascicles of Schwann cells which often are palisaded and regularly arranged, refered as Antoni A tissue.
68	Antoni B tissue	In neurilemoma, a part of the neural tissue is irregularly arranged in streaming fascicles of Schwann cells which often are less organized and less cellular refered as Antoni B tissue.
69	Apert’s syndrome or Acrocephalosyndactyly	A rare craniosynostosis syndrome with characteristic features including acrobrachycephaly, Kleeblattschadel (clove leaf) deformity and syndactyly of second, third and fourth digits of limbs observed.
70	Apical peridontal cyst	An odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin that is preceded by dental caries and a chronic periapical granuloma and stimulation of rests of Malassez present in the periodontal membrane.
71	Aplasia	Absence of an organ owing to lack of division of cells resulting in absence in that particular cells. Or Absence of an organ or a part of an organ due to failure of development of the embryonic tissue of origin or a defect in synchronous growth or a signaling molecule.
72	Aplastic anemia	A rare type of life threatening hematological disorder characterized by failure of the hematopoeitic precursor cells to produce all blood cells, caused usually by the exposure to certain drugs, virus and carcinogens.
73	Apthous ulcer	A recurrent ulcer of uncertain etiology. The chief etiological agents suggested include viruses, stresses and allergy. Includes a solitary large major variant and a multiple small minor variant.
74	Arrested caries	A dental caries that has become static and does not show any tendency for further progression.
75	Asteroid bodies	The granulomatous inflammation of sarcoidosis contains laminated stellate inclusions called as asteroid bodies.
76	Asymptomatic	A lack of symptoms or complaints by the patient.
77	Atrophic	A normally developed tissue that has decreased in size as compared to its normal size.
78	Atrophy	Shrinkage in size of cell due to loss of cell substance.
79	Attrition	A regressive alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent dentition leading to loss of tooth structure due to mechanical action of mastication. Is a physiological process when involving aged individuals and pathological in young patients.
80	Atypical	Irregular, not conformable to the type.
81	Auspitz sign	A Clinical sign in psoriasis wherein when the dry scales are removed forcefully reveals a one or more tiny bleeding spots.
82	Autoantibody	An antibody that reacts against an antigenic constituent of the person's own tissues.
83	Autoimmune disease	A disease or a lesion characterized by tissue injury caused by a humoral or cell-mediated immune response against constituents of the body's own tissues.
84	Autoimmunity	Immune-mediated destruction of the body's own cells and tissues; immunity against self.
85	Autoinoculation	To inoculate with a pathogen such as a virus from one's own body.
86	Autosomes	The non-sex chromosomes those are identical for men and women.
87	B lymphocyte	A lymphocyte -B cell (B for Bursa of fabricus in birds), that forms in bone marrow and matures without passing through the thymus. It matures into plasma cells that produce antibodies or Immunoglobulins.
88	Baby bottle syndrome	See Rampant caries
89	Bacillary angiomatosis	Is a multifocal subcutaneous vascular proliferation associated with cat scratch disease and often observed in patients with long standing HIV infection. They respond to erythromycin.
90	Ballooning degeneration	The virus (Simplex virus) infected cell exhibit acantholysis, nuclear clearing and enlargement and is called as the ballooning degeneration.
91	Basal cell carcinoma	A common, locally invasive, slow spreading, non metastasizing primary epithelial malignancy of the basal layer of skin and its appendages composed of medullary pattens of basaloid cells.
92	Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma	Rare, aggressive form of poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma consisting of medullary patterns of cells with central areas of necrosis and resembles to basal cell carcinoma of skin.
93	Bell’s palsy	Is an acute, often unilateral paralysis of the facial musculature with no proven cause.
94	Benign	Not malignant; favorable for recovery.
95	Benign fibro-osseous lesions	A heterotrophic collection of non-neoplastic intraosseous lesions that replaces normal bone and consists of a cellular fibrous connective tissue within which nonfunctional osseous structures form.
96	Benign fibrous histiocytoma	A diverse group of benign neoplasm that exhibit both fibroblast and histiocytes and characterized by a storiform pattern with the spindle shaped fibroblast with vesicular nuclei predominating.
97	Benign lymphoepithelial cyst	A lymphoepithelial cyst commonly located intraorally on the posterior lateral tongue and the anterior floor of the mouth inside the lymphoid tissue and is usually submucosal in its position.
98	Benign migratory glossitis	A developmental anomaly of tongue characterized by multiple sensitive irregularly shaped erythematous patches on the tongue with arcuate white rims that enlarge and change shape daily.
99	Bifid condyle	Is a rare developmental anomaly of head & neck region characterized by a double headed mandibular condyle. Fractures of condyle during growth may lead to bifid condyle.
100	Bifid uvula	Is the most minimal manifestation of cleft palate and is limited to soft tissue structure of the uvula.
101	Biopsy	Excision of a living tissue for the purpose of examination by a pathologist.
102	Black hairy tongue	Is a developmental defect of tongue, characterized by marked accumulation of keratin on the filliform papillae of the dorsal aspect and associated with other conditions.
103	Blanching	To take the color out of / Make white.
104	Bleopharochalasis	Refers to the recurring edema of the upper eyelids leading to sagging of the lid at the outer canthus of the eye. It is a major component of the Ascher’s syndrome.
105	Blue nevus	A benign pigmented epithelial pathology that presents as a dark blue dome-shaped papule or as a flat macule on the skin or mucosa. Made up of nevus cell and appears blue due to tyndallization effect.
106	Bohn’s nodules	An uncommon superficial raised nodule scattered over the hard palate often near the border with the soft palate in infants that resolve without treatment; derived from rests of the dental lamina and consisting of keratin-producing epithelial lining.
107	Bony	Composed of or containing bone.
108	Botryoid odontogenic cyst	A slow-growing, non-expansile developmental odontogenic cyst derived from rests of the dental lamina resembling a bunch of grapes.  The cyst contains an embryonic lining of 1 to 3 cuboidal cells and distinctive focal thickenings (plaques).
109	Branchial cleft cyst	An unusually large lymphoepithelial cyst located on the lateral aspect of the neck.
110	Brodie´s abscess	A chronic abscess walled off in a sclerotic bone.
111	Bruxism	A parafunctional masticatory habit related to stress or a sleep disorder, characterized by grinding one's teeth. May lead to attrition.
112	Buccal bifurcation cyst	A cyst of uncertain origin found primarily on the distal or facial aspect of a vital mandibular third molar, consisting of intensely inflamed connective tissue and an epithelial lining.
113	Bulimia	A psychiatric compulsive eating disorder characterized by episodic eating of large volumes of food, followed by purging behavior such as self-induced vomiting. This may cause erosion of the lingual aspect of mandibular anterior teeth.
114	Bull’s eye lesion	Skin or mucous membrane lesions which are concentric rings resembling a circle within a circle; with a slightly depressed, dusky purple center, an elevated, surrounding macular erythema pale middle zone, and an erythematous border; usually associated with herpes simplex or erythema multiforme or drug eruption or mycoplasma infection.
115	Bulla (bullous/ bullae)	A circumscribed elevated blister like lesion that is more than 5 mm in diameter, usually contains serous fluid.
116	Cabots rings	A red blood cell abnormal feature observed in peripheral smear of pernicious anemia.
117	Café au lait spots	Hyperpigmented lesions that may vary in color from light brown to dark brown. The borders may be smooth or irregular. Often found with fibrous dysplasia, neurofibromatosis and certain endocrine abnormalities.
118	Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor	An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium which is locally aggressive consisting of strands and medullary patterns of squamous and clear cells that are often accompanied by spherical calcifications (“Lisegang” ring) and amyloid-staining hyaline deposits. Also known as “Pindborg tumor”
119	Calcifying odontogenic cyst	A rare, well-circumscribed, solid or cystic lesion derived from odontogenic epithelium that superficially resembles follicular ameloblastoma but contains "ghost cells" and spherical calcifications.
120	Cancrum oris	Is rapidly progressive opportunistic infections of the normal oral flora during immunocompromised state and often begins as ANUG.
121	Candidiasis	Encompasses a group of mucosal and cutaneous conditions with a common etiologic agent from the Candida genus of fungi; the most common oral mycotic infection.
122	Canker sores	Also known as apthous stomatitits. It is a most common oral pathological ulceration attributed to many reasons. May present as a major, minor and recurrent forms.
123	Cannon’s disease	See white spongy nevus
124	Capedont teeth	Is a term given to teeth affected with dentinogenesis imperfecta.
125	Capsule	Compressed fibrous connective tissue around a benign tumor or a cyst separating it from surrounding tissues.
126	Carcinogen	A cancer causing agent.
127	Carcinogenesis	The train of biological events that underlies development of neoplasia.
128	Carcinoma	A malignant growth made up of epithelial cells that are capable of infiltration and metastasis.
129	Carcinoma in situ	The most severe stage of epithelial dysplasia, involving the entire thickness of the epithelium, with the epithelial basement membrane remaining intact.
130	Caries, dental	The microbial disease of teeth involving progressive demineralization of inorganic parts of tooth and followed by dissolution of organic material and modified by the saliva and dietary factors.
131	Carotid artery syndrome	Is an abnormal developmental defect caused by the elongation of styloid process and or mineralization of stylohyoid ligament that leads to facial pain, dysphagia and transient syncope. Also known as Eagle’s syndrome.
132	Carotid body tumor	Are the tumors that arise from the carotid body (chemoreceptors responsible for detecting changes in blood pH/ oxygen tension, at the bifurcation of carotids).
133	Carpet tack lesions	In discoid lupus erythematosus, when the cutaneous scales are forcefully removed numerous extensions that had dipped in to the enlarged pilosebaceous canals. Such a lesion is described as carpet tack lesion.
134	Carrier	In genetics, a heterozygous individual who is clinically normal but who can transmit a recessive trait or characteristic; also, a person who is homozygous for an autosomal dominant condition with low penetrance.
135	Cell-mediated immunity	Immunity in which the predominant role is played by T lymphocytes.
136	Cellulitis	A painful swelling of the soft tissue of the mouth and face resulting from a diffuse spreading of purulent exudate along the fascial planes that separate the muscle bundles.
137	Cementifying fibroma	Also known as ossifying fibroma, cemento –ossifying fibroma. It is a well demarcated, osteogenic neoplasm that is composed of fibrous tissue that contain variable amount of calcified structure- bone and cementum in varying proportion.
138	Cementoblastoma	A benign, well-circumscribed neoplasm of cementum-like tissue growing in continuity with the apical cemental layer of a tooth (often molar or premolar) that produce expansion of cortical plates and pain.
139	Cementoma, Familial gigantiform	Is a synonym used for florid type of cemento-osseous dysplasia that occurs in a familial pattern as an autosomal inherited condition.
140	Cemento-osseous dysplasia	Are a group of common fibro-osseous lesions in the jaw that have pathologic features similar to fibrous dysplasia.
141	Cemento-osseous dysplasia, florid	A variant of cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the adult females and commonly in the afroamericans.
142	Cemento-osseous dysplasia, Focal	A variant of cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the mandibular posterior region, usually in the middle aged females and with no racial predilection.
143	Cemento-osseous dysplasia, periapical	A variant of cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the mandibular anterior periapical region, usually in the middle aged females and commonly in the afroamericans.
144	Cemento-ossifying fibroma	A well-demarcated, encapsulated, expansile lesion of the jaws composed of cellular fibrous tissue containing spherical calcifications and irregular, randomly oriented bony structures and may be central or peripheral in location.
145	Central	In Oral Pathology, a lesion occurring within Jaws.
146	Central giant cell lesion	An intraosseous destructive lesion of the jaws in which lesions tends to expand the cortical plates, cause movement of teeth, and produce root resorption; composed of multinucleated giant cells in a background of mononuclear fibro-histiocytic cells and red blood cells. The cause may involve an abnormal calcium metabolism including renal and parathyroid gland pathology.
147	Central odontogenic fibroma	An intraosseous benign neoplasm tissue of odontogenic origin (ectomesenchyme with or without epithelium) containing widely scattered islands and strands of embryonic odontogenic epithelium and calcifications.
148	Central papillary atrophy of tongue	A form of erythematous candidal infection in the central part of the dorsum of tongue. Presents as a well demarcated erythematous zone that is often asymptomatic. It was previously thought to be a developmental anomaly of tongue.
149	Centromere	The constricted portion of the chromosome that divides both the arms.
150	Cervical enamel projection	Focal apical extensions of the enamel beyond the normally smooth cervical margin and on to the root of the tooth.
151	Chanchre	Refers to the lesion of primary syphilis. Develops at the site of inoculation as a papular lesion with a central ulceration.
152	Cheesy	Lesion’s texture is similar to curds of cheese.
153	Chemotaxis	Taxis or movement in response to chemical stimulation. Often exhibited by the phagocytes.
154	Cherubism	An autosomal dominant rare developmental fibro-osseous type of lesion of the jaws in children involving more than one quadrant and stabilizes after the growth period, usually leaving some facial deformity and malocclusion.
155	Chlorodontia	A type of intrinsic greenish discoloration of teeth caused by accumulation of bilirubin that breaks in to biliverdin. This is formed during conditions hyperbilirubinemia.
156	Chondrosarcoma	An uncommon malignant bone neoplasm in the jaws, usually of the anterior maxilla, consisting of a proliferation of chondroblasts or spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells and abnormal cartilage but no osteoid or bone.
157	Choriostomas	Ectopic rests of non transformed tissues, not indigenous to that particular site. Or Is a tumor like growth of microscopically normal tissue in an abnormal location.
158	Chromatid	Either of the two vertical halves of a chromosome that are joined at the centromere.
159	Chromatin	A general term used to refer to the material (DNA) that forms the chromosomes.
160	Chronic	Persisting over a longer duration; generally implies that there has been little change or extremely slow progression over a long period.
161	Chronic apical pulpitis	An irreversible lesion located at the root apex showing the extension of the inflammatory process from the pulpal chamber. (Clinical; Radiological)
162	Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis (pulp polyp)	An uncommon and specific type of inflammatory hyperplasia reaction of pulp to deep caries in a young person in which an inflamed hyperplastic pulp extends through a large carious lesion of a non-vital tooth.
163	Chronic osteomyelitis	Prolonged inflammation of bone and soft tissues of bone including marrow, almost invariably due to infection.
164	Chronic pulpitis	An inflammation of the pulp caused by injury to the pulp, usually from dental caries or trauma. The thermal change (hot) initiates the pain that is not relived on removing the noxious stimuli. It is usually irreversible and with a dull pain.
165	Chrysiasis	Is a common complication of gold therapy that is manifested as a slate blue discoloration of sun exposed skin.
166	Chvosteks’s sign	Is an oral finding observed in hypoparathyroidism. It is characterized by a twitching of upper lip when the facial nerve is tapped just below zygomatic process. It suggests a latent degree of tetany.
167	Clear cell	A cell often associated with pathological lesions in hematoxycillin and eosin stain and which has a clear cytoplasm with a small peripherally located nucleus often due to accumulation of water, carbohydrate or proteins that do not take the stain.
168	Cleft lip	A developmental defect of middle face characterized by the failure of fusion of median nasal process and maxillary process resulting in soft tissue abnormality.
169	Cleft palate	A multifactorial developmental defect of the palate characterized by a lack of complete fusion of the two lateral portions of the palate, resulting in a communication with the nasal cavity.
170	Cleidocranial dysplasia	A rare condition inherited as an autosomal dominant and characterized by partial or complete absence of the clavicles, defective ossification of the skull, and faulty occlusion due to missing, misplaced, or supernumerary teeth along with high arched palate.
171	Coagulation	Refers to the process of clotting.
172	Codon	The vertical sequence of three bases in DNA that codes for an amino acid. (Genetic)
173	Colley’s anemia	Is also known as thalassemia major. It has a defective hemoglobin synthesis inherited through 2 defective genes for beta globin molecule causing microcytic, hypochromic anemia.
174	Commissure or the angle of mouth	The junction of the upper and lower lips at the corner of the mouth.
175	Compound nevus	The nevus characterized by a proliferation of nevus cells microscopically within the basal cell layer of the surface epithelium and involving the underlying connective tissue.
176	Concrescence	A developmental anomaly or post inflammatory defect involving shape of teeth in which there is union of two adjacent teeth by cementum alone without the confluence of dentin.
177	Condyloma acuminatum	Is a virus induced (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) proliferation of the stratified squamous epithelium of the genetilia.
178	Condyloma lata	Is a benign viral induced (HPV-2, 4, 40) hyperplasia of stratified squamous epithelium that appears as a painless papule or a nodule with a papillary projections.
179	Congenital	Present at, or existing from the time of birth.
180	Congenital lip pits	Autosomal dominant trait resulting in developmental defects involving the vermilion border of the lower and upper lip either at the central or the commissural area.
181	Consanguinity	Blood relationship. In genetics, the term is generally used to describe marriages among close relatives.
182	Corps rands	Refers to the peculiar round shaped dyskeratotic cells observed in Darrier’s disease.
183	Corrugated	Descriptive term for a surface that appears wrinkled.
184	Cotton roll burn	An iatrogenic injury caused by the oral mucosa become adherent to the dry cotton roll and their rapid removal from the mouth lead to stripping of the epithelium in the area.
185	Crouzon syndrome or Craniofacial dysostosis	An uncommon, autosomal dominant craniofacial disorder characterized by craniosynostosis and dysmorphic facial features. The characteristic features include acrobrachycephaly, Kleeblattschadel (clove leaf) deformity and syndactyly of second, third and fourth digits of limbs observed.
186	Crowe’s sign	Axillary freckling is known as crowe’s sign and observed in neurofibromatosis.
187	Cyst	Is a pathologic epithelium-lined cavity, usually containing fluid or semisolid or gas. (Kramer)
188	Cystic hygroma	Anomaly of the lymphatic system characterized by single or multiple cysts within the soft tissues, usually involving the head and neck.
189	Cytologic	Pertaining to the scientific study of cells.
190	Cytology	The scientific study of structures within the cell.
191	Cytopathologic	Pertaining to or characterized by pathologic changes in cells.
192	Darrier’s disease	An uncommon genodermatoses inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with defect in the adherence mechanism between surface squamous epithelial cell leading to acantholysis and characterized histopathologically by test-tube reteridges, corpsrands and grains.
193	Dead tracts	Is a age related change in dentin, where in due to a trauma the odontoblastic process die and dentinal tubules are filled with air in section that appear as dark in transmitted light.
194	Degeneration	Refers to the pathologic changes with cells which may to a certain extent reversible.
195	Delayed eruption	The process of eruption of deciduous or permanent teeth very lately in relative to the normal age range.
196	Dens evaginatus	A developmental anomaly in the shape of teeth in which a focal area of the crown projects outward and produces what appears as an extra cusp or an abnormal shape to existing cuspal arrangements. Often caused by an evagination of the crown during developmental stage.
197	Dens in dente	"A tooth within a tooth"- A developmental anomaly in the shape of a malformed tooth caused by an invagination of the crown before it is calcified. (Or) An enamel-lined “pouch” extending apically from the lingual surface. It commonly affects maxillary lateral incisor teeth and manifests as an invagination on the lingual surface that may reach the pulp. Also known as Dens invaginatus.
198	Dental fluorosis	A condition of enamel hypoplasia characterized by white chalky spots or brown staining and pitting of teeth due to an increased level of fluoride in affecting enamel matrix formation and calcification by the reaction of fluoride on the process of calcification.
199	Dental transposition	A developmental anomaly characterized by a normal teeth erupting in to an inappropriate position.
200	Denticle	A regressive alteration of teeth characterized by spherical calcification within the dental pulp lying free or attached to the pulpal surface of the tooth
201	Dentigerous cyst	A common developmental type of odontogenic cyst associated with unerupted teeth and is caused by fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and the enamel surface, resulting in a cyst in which the crown is located within the lumen and root(s) outside.
202	Dentin dysplasia	A hereditary developmental defect in dentin formation in which the coronal dentin and tooth color is normal; the root dentin is abnormal with a gnarled pattern and associated shortened and tapered roots.
203	Dentinogenesis	The formation of dentin.
204	Dentinogenesis imperfecta	A hereditary defect consisting of opalescent teeth composed of irregularly formed and under mineralized dentin that obliterates the coronal and root pulpal chambers.
205	Denture epulis	Is a tumor like hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue that develops in association with the flange of an ill fitting denture.
206	Denture sore mouth	Or Denture stomatitis. It is an erythematous or better a chronic atrophic candidiasis localized to denture bearing areas of maxillary denture.
207	Dermatofibroma	Or fibrous histiocytoma. They are a diverse group of soft tissue benign tumors that exhibit both fibroblastic and histiocytic differentiation.
208	Dermoid cyst	Is an uncommon developmental cystic malformation of the midline of the upper neck or the anterior floor of the mouth of young patients, derived from remnants of embryonic skin, consisting of a lumen lined by a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and containing one or more skin appendages such as hair, sweat, or sebaceous glands.
209	Desmoplastic fibroma	A Benign diffuse infiltrative proliferation of fibroblasts leading to mature collagen deposition, occurring primarily within the mandible in young patients. A histopathological variant of fibroma.
210	Differential diagnosis	A list of possible conditions that fit the information (history, signs, symptoms, radiological, laboratory and histopathological) derived from the patient
211	Differentiation	The distinguishing of one thing from another. Or It is the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their cell of origin.
212	Diffuse	A term used to describe a lesion whose borders are not well defined or demarcated and is not possible to detect the exact parameters of the lesion.
213	Dilacerations	A developmental anomaly manifested as an abnormal bend or curve. More commonly occurring in the root of a permanent tooth.
214	Diploid	Having two sets of chromosomes; the normal constitution of somatic cells.
215	Distodens	An accessory molar situated distally is called as distodens or distomolars.
216	Dominant	A term often used in genetics. It means a trait or characteristic that is manifested when it is carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes.
217	Donovan bodies	Are the inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of large mononuclear phagocyte in case of infection with Granuloma Inguinale, a chronic granulomatous infection. These bodies are tiny, elongated basophilic and arygrophilic rods and present in large numbers.
218	Donovan bodies	Are tiny elongated basophilic and argyrophilic rods in the large mononuclear phagocytes in the intracytoplamc cysts in Granuloma inguinale.
219	Doorthy Reed cell	Are the characteristic typically binucleated (owl eye nuclei) or multinucletated (pennies on plate) with prominent nucleoli in Hodgkins lymphoma.
220	Dorsal	Directed toward / situated on the back surface (opposite of ventral).
221	Double lip	A rare developmental anomaly commonly characterized by a horizontal fold of redundant mucosal tissue located on the inner aspect of the upper lip. May be congenital or acquired.
222	Down syndrome	A common chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of an additional third chromosome in chromosome 21 and presents mild to moderate mental retardation and associated medical and dental problems.
223	Drug induced gingival hyperplasia	Increased amount of gingiva. Generalized increase in the fibrous component of the gingiva in patients who have been taking long term doses of phenytoin, cyclosporine and nifedipine. Persistent dental plaque, calculus (tartar) and gingival irritation increase the severity of the hyperplasia.
224	Dry mouth	Decreased saliva production. Also called as xerostomia.
225	Dry socket	A clinical complication of traumatic tooth extraction. It occurs due to disintegration or loss of the blood clot, resulting in a dry appearance of the exposed bone in the socket.
226	Dysplasia	An abnormality of development of any tissue. It is characterized by the loss of normal cellular architecture. In epithelium it is characterized by a disorderly development. Or  A non-neoplastic disorderly growth usually in epithelium.
227	Dystrophic calcifications	Ectopic linear calcification within the pulp chamber of a tooth, the etiology of which is unknown.
228	Eagle syndrome	Is an abnormal developmental defect caused by the elongation of styloid process and or mineralization of stylohyoid ligament that leads to facial pain, dysphagia and transient syncope. Also known as carotid artery syndrome.
229	Eburnation of dentin	An arrested caries of occlusal surface which is large and lacks food retention causing the superficially softened and decalcified dentin is burnished till it takes up a hard brown polished surface.
230	Ecchymosis	Large reddish-blue areas in skin or mucous membrane caused by the escape of blood into the tissues, where it clots. It is commonly referred to as a bruise. Ecchymoses do not blanch on diascopy.
231	Ectodermal	relates to the outermost of the three primitive germ layers of an embryo. Ectodermal derived structures include the skin, hair, nails, oral mucous membrane, and the enamel of the teeth.
232	Ectodermal dysplasia	Relates to a group of inherited disorders where the ectodermal derivatives such as skin, sebaceous glands, hair, enamel and nails are malformed.
233	Edema	Abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular spaces, resulting in visible swelling.
234	Edentulous	The clinical absence of teeth.
235	Ehler-Danlos syndrome	A group of inherited disorder of connective tissue that result in an abnormal connective tissue fibers especially collagen.
236	Embryonic	Pertaining to the earliest stage of development of an organism.
237	Emigration	The passage or white blood cells through the endothelium and wall of small blood vessels.
238	Enamel hypoplasia	A defect in tooth enamel that results in less quantity of enamel than normal.
239	Enamel pearl	Ectopic nodular deposits of enamel that primarily occur in the bifurcation or trifurcation areas on the roots of molars.
240	Enanthems	Eruptions of mucous membrane.
241	Endodermal	Pertaining to the innermost of the three primitive germ layers of an embryo. Endodermal structures include the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract (except the nose), and the digestive tract.
242	Entropion	In chronic inflammatory conditions of eye such as cicatrical pemphigoid, conjunctival vesicle heals with scarring leading the eye lids to turn inwards. Such a condition is referred as entropion.
243	Eosinophilic granuloma	A pathological condition that has single or multiple bone lesion without visceral involvement, characterized by proliferation of histiocyte like Langerhans cells often affecting children.
244	Epidermoid cyst	Is a common cyst of skin with a lumen lined by keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, usually filled with keratin and without skin appendages in the capsule wall.
245	Epidermolysis bullosa	Refers to a heterogeneous group of inherited blistering mucocutaneous disorders with a defect in attachment mechanisms of epithelial cells, either to each other or to the connective tissue.
246	Epithelial dysplasia	A disorderly state of epithelium differentiation process characterized by a combination of individual cell and architectural alterations and is an indicator of the potentially malignant state.
247	Epithelium	The cellular makeup of skin and mucous membranes.
248	Epstein’s pearls	Uncommon superficial raised nodules on the midline of the hard palate of infants that resolve without treatment; derived from rests of the dental lamina and consisting of keratin-producing epithelial lining.
249	Epulis fissuratum	A reactive lesion resulting in proliferation of fibrous connective tissue with an associated chronic inflammation in response to chronic injury such as an ill fitting denture.
250	Erosion	The pathological wearing away of hard tissues of teeth through the action of chemical substances. . Also in histopathology refers to discontinuity or denudation of epithelium above the basal cell layer.