Stage viva in Microscopy for MDS Students

Wave length of light

Spectrum of electromagnetic energy, light

Wavelength of

Infrared

Ultraviolet

Electron

X rays

Gamma rays

Laser – commonly used ones

       

Define:

Monochromatic

Polychromatic

Color temperature

Emission spectrum

Amplitude

Intensity

Cadescence

Reflection

Refraction

Retardation

Angle of incidence

Angle of refraction

Refractive index

Curvature of lens

Concave lens

Convex lens

Real image

Virtual image

Total internal reflection

Principal focus

Focal length of a lens

Conjugative foci

Chromatic aberration

Achromat

Apochromat

Plan apochromats

Semi-apochromatic

CF optics

Spherical aberrations

Euchromatic

Filters

Neutral density filters

Numerical aperture

Condensers

Iris diaphragm

Glare

Resolution

Centration of condenser

“Swing out top lens” of the condenser

Infinity corrected objectives

Magnifying power

Resolving power

Nose piece

Par-focal

Par-central

Beam splitting prism

Tube lens

Infinity corrected lens

Periplanatic lens

Wide field lens

High focal point lens & their use

Magnification values &  formula for it

Empty magnification

Critical illumination

Kohler illumination

Rheinberg illumination

Back focal plane

Constructive interference

Destructive interference

Phase halo

Optical path difference

Optical weighing

Measuring and reference beam in interference microscopy

Birefringence

Differential interference contrast

Plane of vibration

Dichorism

Pleochoric 

Primary fluorescence or auto fluorescence

Flurochromes

Induced flurosomes

Suppression filters

Reflected light

Transmitted light

Visibility

Contrast

Depth of field

Working distance

What is Refractive index of

Glass

Water

Air

Universal Color code of

Objective

2 X

4X

10X

20X

40X

100X

4.       Diameter of Condenser – fully opened & closed

5.       Function of Vernier markings on the stage

6.       Maximum Numerical Aperture attainable

7.       Number of nose pieces

8.       Huyghens eye piece design

Bertrands lens

Ramsden & Kellner eye piece

Compensating eyepieces

9.       Principle behind

Dark field microscopy

Phase contrast microscopy

Interference microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy

Confocal Microscopy

FRET

Multispectral Imaging

Scanning Electron microscopy

Transmission Electron microscopy

10.    Nicol Prism(Calcite cemented with Canada Balsm after Nicol)

Wollaston prism

11.    Length of the tube

12.    Dimension of (LX B x H)

Slides

Coverslip

13.    Describe

Lint free slides

Coated slides

Frosted slides

Substage condenser lens

Substage iris diaphragm

Daylight glass

Field of view

Field lens                              

14.    Microscope oil  - Why, what, when, how, precaution & trouble shooting

Maintenance

15.    Lens paper, Cleaning agents for microscope,

Fungal growth

16.    Resolution of

Naked eye

Light microscopy

Electron microscopy

Confocal microscopy

Stage viva questions for MDS students

WBC Count

1.      Name of the technique                                                

2.      Fluid used                                                                     

3.      Parts of the pipette                                                      

4.      Gradation in the pipette                                              

5.      Amount of fluid in pipette                                           

6.      Bead color                                                                     

7.      Function of bead                                                          

8.      Anticoagulant used and Percentage                          

9.      Which Vein used to collect blood – other areas       

10. Name of the chamber used                                        

11. Name of diluting fluid                                                 

12. Composition of fluid and function of each component         

13. ml of blood used                                                          

14. Normal range in

a.      Adult Male

b.      Adult Female

c.       Lactating females

d.      Pregnant females

e.      New born

f.        Infant

g.      Child below 6years,

h.      Children 6 -12 yrs of age.                               

15. Causes for increase in total count

a.      Physiological

b.      Pathological                                                      

16. Causes for decrease in total count

a.      Physiological

b.      Pathological                                                      

17. Radiological, clinical manifestation of deficiency of each type of cells        

18. Oral manifestation of deficiency with pathophysiology of each cells          

19. Distribution of each type of cell                                 

20. Structure, dimensions & function of each type of cell          

21. Life period of each type of cell                                   

22. Synthesis and differentiation of each cell                 

23. Enzymes & Hormone involved in production of cells           

24. Staining characteristics                                               

25. Other methods of counting DC

26. Manual

27. Automated                                                                    

28. Principles of other methods                                       

29. What errors could lead to false count during & how to rectify

a.      Blood collection

b.      Storage

c.       Loading in pipette

d.      Loading the chamber

e.      Coverslip placement

f.        Count                                                                 

30. Function of each type of cell                                       

31. Site of production                                                        

32. Absolute counts                                                           

33. What is

a.      Leukocytosis                                                     

b.      Leukopenia                                                       

c.       Neutropenia                                                     

d.      Agranulocytosis                                               

e.      Neutrophilia                                                     

f.        Eosinophilia                                                      

34. Granules characteristics & composition of

a.      Eosinophils

b.      Neutrophils

c.       Monocytes                                                        

35. Platelet count                                                                

36. INR                                                                                 

37. PTT

38. PT

39. BT

40. CT                                                                                   

41. Relevance of following to blood disorders

a.      SGOT

b.      SGPT                                                                  

42. Acute inflammation changes in DC                           

43. Chronic inflammation changes in DC                        

44. Cell count changes in HIV                                           

45. CD4:CD8 Ratio                                                             

46. Stabs                                                                              

47. Shift to right                                                                 

48. Shift to left                                                                    

49. Basopenia                                                                     

50. Eosinopenia                                                                  

51. Drugs which increase the number of basophils:

52. Drugs which decrease the number of basophils:

53. Drugs which increase the number of eosinophils:

54. Drugs which decrease the number of eosinophils:

55. Drugs which decrease the number of lymphocytes:

56. Drugs which decrease the number of monocytes:

57. Drugs which increase the number of neutrophils:

58. Drugs which decrease the number of neutrophils:  

59. Thromobocytosis                                                         

60. Thrombocytopenia                                                      

61. Platelet normal values                                                 

62. Megakaryocytes                                                           

63. Conditions in which platelet count is increased:

64. Condition in which platelet count is decreased:

65. Drugs which may increase the platelet count:

66. Drugs which may decrease the platelet count:         

67. What is the rationale, principle and normal range for the following tests:

a.      ANEMIA DIAGNOSIS

b.      Blood smear

c.       Complete blood cell count

d.      Ferritin

e.      Folic acid

f.        Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin

g.      Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

h.      Iron

68. RBC indices

69. RBC distribution width

70. Reticulocyte count

71. Schilling test

72. Total iron-binding capacity

73. Transferrin

74. Transferrin saturation

75. Vitamin B12

76. COAGULATION STUDIES

77. Anti-thrombin III

78. Bleeding time

79. Coagulation factor assay

80. D-dimer test

81. Euglobulin lysis time

82. Fibrin degradation products

83. Fibrinogen

84. Partial thromboplastin time

85. Plasminogen

86. Protein C

87. Protein S

88. Prothrombin time

89. Thrombin clotting time

90. PLATELET ACTIVITY TESTS

91. Bleeding time

92. Platelet aggregation test

93. Platelet count

94. Platelet, mean volume